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Source · Open Biology · 2nd edition · PhotosynthesisNotes
OriginalInput

Open Biology · 2nd edition

Page 142

Free open textbook · CC-BY 4.0

Biology — Cell & Energy·Chapter 6

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the biochemical process by which green plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy — typically from the Sun — into chemical energy stored in glucose. The process takes place primarily in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is summarized by the equation:

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
Eq. 6.1 · Net reaction

Two stages

Photosynthesis proceeds in two coupled stages. The light-dependent reactions occur in the , capturing photons to split water, generate ATP, and reduce NADP⁺ to . The light-independent reactions, also known as the , take place in the stroma and use ATP and to fix carbon dioxide into three-carbon sugars that are eventually assembled into glucose.

Sunlight (photons)CuticleUpper epidermisPalisade mesophyllSpongy mesophyllLower epidermisCO₂ inO₂ outStomata + guard cells
Fig. 6.2 — Cross-section of a leaf showing stomata, mesophyll, and the path of light, water, and CO₂.
LightChloroplastGlucose
Fig. 6.3 · Fig. 6.2 — Photosynthesis at a glance

Variations

Most plants use the C3 pathway, but in hot, dry climates many species have evolved or pathways to minimize water loss and reduce photorespiration. These adaptations are critical to crops such as maize, sugarcane, and pineapple.

C4 · Maize

C4 · Maize

Concentrates CO₂ in bundle-sheath cells

Iowa cornfield · CC BY-SA

C4 · Sugarcane

C4 · Sugarcane

Highly efficient in hot, sunny climates

Saccharum officinarum · CC BY-SA

CAM · Pineapple

CAM · Pineapple

Opens stomata at night to save water

Pineapple plantation, Azores · CC BY-SA

3 min read · 4 sectionsIndexed by ThetaWave
NotesAI Output

Notes

What Photosynthesis Does

  • Energy conversion — light energy is captured and stored as chemical energy in glucose.
  • Net equation : 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂, driven by photons absorbed by chlorophyll.
  • Why it matters — it produces nearly all of Earth's atmospheric oxygen and the base of the food chain.

Light-Dependent Reactions

  • Location : thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts.
  • Photosystems II → I split water, pump protons, and pass excited electrons down an electron transport chain.
  • Outputs : ATP (via chemiosmosis) and NADPH — the fuel for the next stage.

Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent)

  • Location : the stroma — fluid-filled space surrounding thylakoids.
  • Carbon fixation by RuBisCO attaches CO₂ to a 5-carbon sugar (RuBP) to form 3-PGA.
  • Reduction uses ATP + NADPH to convert 3-PGA into G3P, which is assembled into glucose.
P1P2

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